Review



authentic artemisinin  (MedChemExpress)


Bioz Verified Symbol MedChemExpress is a verified supplier
Bioz Manufacturer Symbol MedChemExpress manufactures this product  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
  • 94

    Structured Review

    MedChemExpress authentic artemisinin
    Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and <t>artemisinin</t> acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.
    Authentic Artemisinin, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 33 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/authentic artemisinin/product/MedChemExpress
    Average 94 stars, based on 33 article reviews
    authentic artemisinin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
    94/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity"

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and artemisinin acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and artemisinin acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.

    Techniques Used: Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, High Speed Counter-current Chromatography, Fractionation, Mass Spectrometry

    TIC of the crude EtOH extract of Artemisia annua and EIC of arteannuin B. The TIC profile of the crude ethanolic leaf extract (top) provides a molecular fingerprint of the complex mixture, highlighting multiple constituents. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (bottom) confirms the presence of arteannuin B, detected as a distinct peak at 8.63 min. These results verify arteannuin B as one of the main compounds in the crude extract, thereby supporting its targeted isolation and further fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; EtOH: Ethanol; min: Retention time in minutes; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.
    Figure Legend Snippet: TIC of the crude EtOH extract of Artemisia annua and EIC of arteannuin B. The TIC profile of the crude ethanolic leaf extract (top) provides a molecular fingerprint of the complex mixture, highlighting multiple constituents. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (bottom) confirms the presence of arteannuin B, detected as a distinct peak at 8.63 min. These results verify arteannuin B as one of the main compounds in the crude extract, thereby supporting its targeted isolation and further fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; EtOH: Ethanol; min: Retention time in minutes; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Techniques Used: Isolation, Fractionation

    TIC and EIC of the artemisinin knockout fraction of Artemisia annua . The TIC (top) shows the overall chemical profile of the fraction. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (middle) confirms arteannuin B at 8.48 min, while the EIC at m/z 305 [M+Na] + (bottom) demonstrates the absence of artemisinin, confirming the selectivity of the fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion; [M+Na] + : Sodium adduct ion.
    Figure Legend Snippet: TIC and EIC of the artemisinin knockout fraction of Artemisia annua . The TIC (top) shows the overall chemical profile of the fraction. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (middle) confirms arteannuin B at 8.48 min, while the EIC at m/z 305 [M+Na] + (bottom) demonstrates the absence of artemisinin, confirming the selectivity of the fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion; [M+Na] + : Sodium adduct ion.

    Techniques Used: Knock-Out, Fractionation

    Comparative ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra (positive ion mode) of arteannuin B: HSCCC fraction vs. reference standard. Overlaid MS/MS spectra for the precursor ion m/z 249 [M+H] + from the arteannuin B fraction (top) and the pure compound (bottom) show matching fragmentation patterns, confirming unambiguous identification and high purity of the isolated fraction obtained by HSCCC. ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Comparative ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra (positive ion mode) of arteannuin B: HSCCC fraction vs. reference standard. Overlaid MS/MS spectra for the precursor ion m/z 249 [M+H] + from the arteannuin B fraction (top) and the pure compound (bottom) show matching fragmentation patterns, confirming unambiguous identification and high purity of the isolated fraction obtained by HSCCC. ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Techniques Used: Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, High Speed Counter-current Chromatography, Isolation, Mass Spectrometry

    Normalized inhibition (%) of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 + Q.*; hCoV-19/Bosnia and Herzegovina/VFS-UNSA-LMGFI031/2021; GISAID accession ID: EPI_ISL_1016969) determined by quantitative real-time PCR after exposure of Vero E6 infected monolayers to different concentrations of each tested Artemisia annua L. sample for 48 h. Samples (A) A. annua L. SC-CO 2 extract; (B) A. annua L. EtOH extract; (C) Artemisinin knockout fraction; (D) Arteannuin B fraction; (E) Artemisinin. Data are presented as means of independent replicates ± standard deviations. Statistically significant differences compared to controls (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Normalized inhibition (%) of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 + Q.*; hCoV-19/Bosnia and Herzegovina/VFS-UNSA-LMGFI031/2021; GISAID accession ID: EPI_ISL_1016969) determined by quantitative real-time PCR after exposure of Vero E6 infected monolayers to different concentrations of each tested Artemisia annua L. sample for 48 h. Samples (A) A. annua L. SC-CO 2 extract; (B) A. annua L. EtOH extract; (C) Artemisinin knockout fraction; (D) Arteannuin B fraction; (E) Artemisinin. Data are presented as means of independent replicates ± standard deviations. Statistically significant differences compared to controls (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Variant Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Infection, Knock-Out



    Similar Products

    94
    MedChemExpress authentic artemisinin
    Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and <t>artemisinin</t> acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.
    Authentic Artemisinin, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/authentic artemisinin/product/MedChemExpress
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    authentic artemisinin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
    94/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Millipore authentic artemisinin
    (a) GC-MS analysis for taxadiene in the crude hexane extracts from yew and transgenic and wildtype A . annua . The GC profiles of the ion current at m/z 122 from hexane extracts of a yew tree, the A . annua transgenic line 55, and the wildtype control of A . annua . (b) The mass spectrum of the peak with retention time of 17.29 min, matching the published MS data of taxadiene. (c) <t>Artemisinin</t> analysis in transgenic and untransformed A . annua plants by HPLC-ELSD. Plants that were grown in the field for 2.5 and 6.5 months, respectively, were harvested to determine the content of artemisinin in wild control and transgenic A . annua . ck: the wildtype; 3, 5, 11, 19, 30, 55, and 56: independent transgenic lines of A . annua . (mean ± SD, n = 3). (d) The amount of taxadiene in 2.5- and 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3). (e) Taxadiene content in the stem and the leaves of 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3).
    Authentic Artemisinin, supplied by Millipore, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/authentic artemisinin/product/Millipore
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    authentic artemisinin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Thermo Fisher authentic artemisinin (98
    (a) GC-MS analysis for taxadiene in the crude hexane extracts from yew and transgenic and wildtype A . annua . The GC profiles of the ion current at m/z 122 from hexane extracts of a yew tree, the A . annua transgenic line 55, and the wildtype control of A . annua . (b) The mass spectrum of the peak with retention time of 17.29 min, matching the published MS data of taxadiene. (c) <t>Artemisinin</t> analysis in transgenic and untransformed A . annua plants by HPLC-ELSD. Plants that were grown in the field for 2.5 and 6.5 months, respectively, were harvested to determine the content of artemisinin in wild control and transgenic A . annua . ck: the wildtype; 3, 5, 11, 19, 30, 55, and 56: independent transgenic lines of A . annua . (mean ± SD, n = 3). (d) The amount of taxadiene in 2.5- and 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3). (e) Taxadiene content in the stem and the leaves of 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3).
    Authentic Artemisinin (98, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/authentic artemisinin (98/product/Thermo Fisher
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    authentic artemisinin (98 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and artemisinin acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Tandem mass spectra of arteannuin B and artemisinin acquired by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in positive ion mode. Representative MS/MS spectra used to confirm the identity of the target sesquiterpenoids detected in the Artemisia annua ethanolic extract and subsequent fractions. Panels show the characteristic fragmentation patterns of (A) arteannuin B with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 249; and (B) Artemisinin with precursor ion [M+H] + at m/z 283. The observed fragment ions match literature and reference standard data, supporting confident identification and the selectivity of the downstream HSCCC fractionation. MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio.

    Article Snippet: Authentic artemisinin and arteannuin B standards for compound identification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and MedChemExpress.

    Techniques: Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, High Speed Counter-current Chromatography, Fractionation, Mass Spectrometry

    TIC of the crude EtOH extract of Artemisia annua and EIC of arteannuin B. The TIC profile of the crude ethanolic leaf extract (top) provides a molecular fingerprint of the complex mixture, highlighting multiple constituents. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (bottom) confirms the presence of arteannuin B, detected as a distinct peak at 8.63 min. These results verify arteannuin B as one of the main compounds in the crude extract, thereby supporting its targeted isolation and further fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; EtOH: Ethanol; min: Retention time in minutes; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Figure Lengend Snippet: TIC of the crude EtOH extract of Artemisia annua and EIC of arteannuin B. The TIC profile of the crude ethanolic leaf extract (top) provides a molecular fingerprint of the complex mixture, highlighting multiple constituents. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (bottom) confirms the presence of arteannuin B, detected as a distinct peak at 8.63 min. These results verify arteannuin B as one of the main compounds in the crude extract, thereby supporting its targeted isolation and further fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; EtOH: Ethanol; min: Retention time in minutes; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Article Snippet: Authentic artemisinin and arteannuin B standards for compound identification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and MedChemExpress.

    Techniques: Isolation, Fractionation

    TIC and EIC of the artemisinin knockout fraction of Artemisia annua . The TIC (top) shows the overall chemical profile of the fraction. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (middle) confirms arteannuin B at 8.48 min, while the EIC at m/z 305 [M+Na] + (bottom) demonstrates the absence of artemisinin, confirming the selectivity of the fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion; [M+Na] + : Sodium adduct ion.

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Figure Lengend Snippet: TIC and EIC of the artemisinin knockout fraction of Artemisia annua . The TIC (top) shows the overall chemical profile of the fraction. The EIC at m/z 249 [M+H] + (middle) confirms arteannuin B at 8.48 min, while the EIC at m/z 305 [M+Na] + (bottom) demonstrates the absence of artemisinin, confirming the selectivity of the fractionation. TIC: Total ion chromatogram; EIC: Extracted ion chromatogram; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion; [M+Na] + : Sodium adduct ion.

    Article Snippet: Authentic artemisinin and arteannuin B standards for compound identification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and MedChemExpress.

    Techniques: Knock-Out, Fractionation

    Comparative ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra (positive ion mode) of arteannuin B: HSCCC fraction vs. reference standard. Overlaid MS/MS spectra for the precursor ion m/z 249 [M+H] + from the arteannuin B fraction (top) and the pure compound (bottom) show matching fragmentation patterns, confirming unambiguous identification and high purity of the isolated fraction obtained by HSCCC. ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra (positive ion mode) of arteannuin B: HSCCC fraction vs. reference standard. Overlaid MS/MS spectra for the precursor ion m/z 249 [M+H] + from the arteannuin B fraction (top) and the pure compound (bottom) show matching fragmentation patterns, confirming unambiguous identification and high purity of the isolated fraction obtained by HSCCC. ESI: Electrospray ionization; QTOF: Quadrupole time-of-flight; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; HSCCC: High-speed counter-current chromatography; m/z: Mass-to-charge ratio; [M+H] + : Protonated molecular ion.

    Article Snippet: Authentic artemisinin and arteannuin B standards for compound identification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and MedChemExpress.

    Techniques: Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, High Speed Counter-current Chromatography, Isolation, Mass Spectrometry

    Normalized inhibition (%) of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 + Q.*; hCoV-19/Bosnia and Herzegovina/VFS-UNSA-LMGFI031/2021; GISAID accession ID: EPI_ISL_1016969) determined by quantitative real-time PCR after exposure of Vero E6 infected monolayers to different concentrations of each tested Artemisia annua L. sample for 48 h. Samples (A) A. annua L. SC-CO 2 extract; (B) A. annua L. EtOH extract; (C) Artemisinin knockout fraction; (D) Arteannuin B fraction; (E) Artemisinin. Data are presented as means of independent replicates ± standard deviations. Statistically significant differences compared to controls (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).

    Journal: Biomolecules and Biomedicine

    Article Title: Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions from Artemisia annua L. and testing their in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity

    doi: 10.17305/bb.2025.12052

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalized inhibition (%) of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 + Q.*; hCoV-19/Bosnia and Herzegovina/VFS-UNSA-LMGFI031/2021; GISAID accession ID: EPI_ISL_1016969) determined by quantitative real-time PCR after exposure of Vero E6 infected monolayers to different concentrations of each tested Artemisia annua L. sample for 48 h. Samples (A) A. annua L. SC-CO 2 extract; (B) A. annua L. EtOH extract; (C) Artemisinin knockout fraction; (D) Arteannuin B fraction; (E) Artemisinin. Data are presented as means of independent replicates ± standard deviations. Statistically significant differences compared to controls (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).

    Article Snippet: Authentic artemisinin and arteannuin B standards for compound identification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and MedChemExpress.

    Techniques: Inhibition, Variant Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Infection, Knock-Out

    (a) GC-MS analysis for taxadiene in the crude hexane extracts from yew and transgenic and wildtype A . annua . The GC profiles of the ion current at m/z 122 from hexane extracts of a yew tree, the A . annua transgenic line 55, and the wildtype control of A . annua . (b) The mass spectrum of the peak with retention time of 17.29 min, matching the published MS data of taxadiene. (c) Artemisinin analysis in transgenic and untransformed A . annua plants by HPLC-ELSD. Plants that were grown in the field for 2.5 and 6.5 months, respectively, were harvested to determine the content of artemisinin in wild control and transgenic A . annua . ck: the wildtype; 3, 5, 11, 19, 30, 55, and 56: independent transgenic lines of A . annua . (mean ± SD, n = 3). (d) The amount of taxadiene in 2.5- and 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3). (e) Taxadiene content in the stem and the leaves of 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3).

    Journal: BioMed Research International

    Article Title: Engineering Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. for the Production of Taxadiene: A Key Intermediate of Taxol

    doi: 10.1155/2015/504932

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) GC-MS analysis for taxadiene in the crude hexane extracts from yew and transgenic and wildtype A . annua . The GC profiles of the ion current at m/z 122 from hexane extracts of a yew tree, the A . annua transgenic line 55, and the wildtype control of A . annua . (b) The mass spectrum of the peak with retention time of 17.29 min, matching the published MS data of taxadiene. (c) Artemisinin analysis in transgenic and untransformed A . annua plants by HPLC-ELSD. Plants that were grown in the field for 2.5 and 6.5 months, respectively, were harvested to determine the content of artemisinin in wild control and transgenic A . annua . ck: the wildtype; 3, 5, 11, 19, 30, 55, and 56: independent transgenic lines of A . annua . (mean ± SD, n = 3). (d) The amount of taxadiene in 2.5- and 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3). (e) Taxadiene content in the stem and the leaves of 6.5-month-old A . annua transgenic line 55 (mean ± SD, n = 3).

    Article Snippet: The authentic artemisinin purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, USA) was used as the standard control.

    Techniques: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Transgenic Assay